The fossa is the largest mammalian carnivore on the island of Madagascar and has been compared to a small cougar.

Adults have a head-body length of 70–80 cm (28–31 in) and weigh between 5.5–8.6 kg (12–19 lb), with the males larger than the females.

It has semi-retractable claws and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and also support jumping from tree to tree.

The fossa is unique within its family for the shape of its genitalia, which share traits with those of cats and hyenas.

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